Antioxidants keep fats and oil from going bad. They keep food from turning black or brown and they help to keep artificial flavorings and colorings from decomposing. They are synthetically manufactured, petroleum-based and fat-soluble.Antioxidant preservatives stop the chemical breakdown of food which happen when oxygen is present. Antioxidant preservatives stop the free radicals that initiate and help propagate these reactions. Antioxidant preservatives are used to stop auto-oxidation that cause a chain reaction in the unsaturated fatty acids in oils and lipid, They help to slow down fats and oils going rancid.Some antioxidants are:Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)Tert-butylhydroquinone Propyl gallate. As BHA and BHT are found in many foods it is fairly common for a person to take more than the recommended daily amount. They accumulate in body fat.BHA and BHT block oxidation in fats and oils, to slow down rancidity. Found in cereals, snacks, instant potatoes and cosmetics.

The terms 'bioadhesive', 'biological adhesive', and 'surgical adhesive' are used interchangeably to refer to biocompatible compositions capable of effecting temporary or permanent attachment between the surfaces of two native tissues, or between a native tissue surface and a non-native tissue surface or a surface of a synthetic implant. In order to prepare the bioadhesive compositions, it is first necessary to provide collagen and a multifunctionally activated synthetic hydrophilic polymer.Collagen is the major protein component of bone, cartilage, skin, and connective tissue in animals.

Immunogens are virus-like particles containing a DNA molecule covered with recombinant proteins carrying the pathogen epitopes. The recombinant proteins are exposed on the surface of the particle and are attached to DNA via spermidine-polygluquine-glutathione or galactopyranoside conjugates (depending on the hybrid protein composition.. These particles are highly efficient in inducing cell-mediated immunity (CMI) when administered to a host. The immunogenic particles of the invention can be used as immunostimulating agents (e. g. vaccines) and as immunotherapeutic agents for preventing and/or treating infectious diseases and cancers in which CMI responses play an important role.

Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a sugar which is found most notably in milk. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of milk by weight.Lactose is a disaccharide that consists of ?-D-galactose and ?-D-glucose molecules bonded through a ?1-4 glycosidic linkage.To digest it in milk an enzyme called lactase is secreted by the intestinal villi, and this enzyme cleaves the molecule into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption.Lactose is one of the most widely used excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. There are many reasons for it's popularity, such as the fact that lactose is inert (no tendency to react with other ingredients), relatively inexpensive, non-toxic and lactose has a long history of being applied in thousands of successful formulations world-wide. These successful formulations include Dry Powder inhalers, Tablets, Capsules and Sachets

Artificial intelligence (AI) has increasingly gained attention in bioinformatics research and computational molecular biology. With the availability of different types of AI algorithms, it has become common for the researchers to apply the off-shelf systems to classify and mine their databases. At present, with various intelligent methods available in the literature, researchers are facing difficulties in choosing the best method that could be applied to a specific data set. Researchers need tools, which present the data in a comprehensible fashion, annotated with context, estimates of accuracy and explanation. Important problems where AI approaches are particularly promising (and often already very successful) include the prediction of protein's structure & function, semiautomatic drug design, the interpretation of nucleotide sequences and knowledge acquisition from genetic data.