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Validation is of paramount importance in the pharmaceutical, biotech and medical devices industries. The person creates what he or she thinks is the best work, frames it & places it in the gallery to be shown. But, it should fulfill regulatory obligations and comply with internal quality requirements. The degree of validation performed must be based on code complexity, consumer base and carefully assessed risk factors. Regulatory agencies, such as the US FDA have long established validation as a core requirement of quality assurance for medical device manufacturers. Still, many companies fail to develop an adequate validation program which can prove to be costly, if discovered by an inspector. Validation is broadly applied across the organization to ensure that products, equipment, processes, software & systems operate, as designed and intended. Successful validation practices bring together engineering, manufacturing, regulatory compliance & quality assurance to develop test solutions that are unique to each application.

Mycorrhiza associations can be described as the symbioses between certain fungi, particularly Vesicular-Arbuscular (VA)-mycorrhizas, and the roots of vascular plants (trees, shrubs & certain plants like wheat, sorghum, cassava, soya, tea & coffee). A VA-mycorrhizal fungus is unspecific, it can infect a very wide range of host plants & it is assumed that more than 90% of all vascular plants are capable of forming mycorrhiza associations. In many circumstances, mycorrhizal infection can greatly increase the rate of uptake of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from deficient soils. Vesicular-Arbusculas mycorrhizas are known to solubilize iron phosphate in low fertility soils. In addition, they may mobilize other scarce elements like copper, zinc and possibly iron. Utilization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) markedly increases the success of rehabilitation of disturbed & degraded lands, either in mesic or in moisture-deficient zones. It has been demonstrated that the presence of VAM is critical for the regeneration of natural ecosystems in arid lands.