Antioxidants keep fats and oil from going bad. They keep food from turning black or brown and they help to keep artificial flavorings and colorings from decomposing. They are synthetically manufactured, petroleum-based and fat-soluble.Antioxidant preservatives stop the chemical breakdown of food which happen when oxygen is present. Antioxidant preservatives stop the free radicals that initiate and help propagate these reactions. Antioxidant preservatives are used to stop auto-oxidation that cause a chain reaction in the unsaturated fatty acids in oils and lipid, They help to slow down fats and oils going rancid.Some antioxidants are:Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)Tert-butylhydroquinone Propyl gallate. As BHA and BHT are found in many foods it is fairly common for a person to take more than the recommended daily amount. They accumulate in body fat.BHA and BHT block oxidation in fats and oils, to slow down rancidity. Found in cereals, snacks, instant potatoes and cosmetics.

The terms 'bioadhesive', 'biological adhesive', and 'surgical adhesive' are used interchangeably to refer to biocompatible compositions capable of effecting temporary or permanent attachment between the surfaces of two native tissues, or between a native tissue surface and a non-native tissue surface or a surface of a synthetic implant. In order to prepare the bioadhesive compositions, it is first necessary to provide collagen and a multifunctionally activated synthetic hydrophilic polymer.Collagen is the major protein component of bone, cartilage, skin, and connective tissue in animals.

Immunogens are virus-like particles containing a DNA molecule covered with recombinant proteins carrying the pathogen epitopes. The recombinant proteins are exposed on the surface of the particle and are attached to DNA via spermidine-polygluquine-glutathione or galactopyranoside conjugates (depending on the hybrid protein composition.. These particles are highly efficient in inducing cell-mediated immunity (CMI) when administered to a host. The immunogenic particles of the invention can be used as immunostimulating agents (e. g. vaccines) and as immunotherapeutic agents for preventing and/or treating infectious diseases and cancers in which CMI responses play an important role.

Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a sugar which is found most notably in milk. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of milk by weight.Lactose is a disaccharide that consists of ?-D-galactose and ?-D-glucose molecules bonded through a ?1-4 glycosidic linkage.To digest it in milk an enzyme called lactase is secreted by the intestinal villi, and this enzyme cleaves the molecule into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption.Lactose is one of the most widely used excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. There are many reasons for it's popularity, such as the fact that lactose is inert (no tendency to react with other ingredients), relatively inexpensive, non-toxic and lactose has a long history of being applied in thousands of successful formulations world-wide. These successful formulations include Dry Powder inhalers, Tablets, Capsules and Sachets

Recombinant DNA technology has opened new horizons in the study of gene function and the regulation of gene action. In particular, the ability to insert genes and their controlling nucleic acid sequences into new recipient organisms allows for the manipulation of these genes in order to examine their activity in unique environments, away from the constraints posed in their normal host. Genetic transformation normally is achieved easily with microorganisms; new genetic material may be inserted into them, either into their chromosomes or into extrachromosomal elements, the plasmids. Thus, virus can be created to metabolize specific products or to produce new products witch is called bioenginnered virus.

Peptides are short proteins formed by a chain consisting of 50 or less amino acids The term bioactive peptides is used to identify molecules of peptidic nature or origin which display a biological behaviour or activity which can be developed at the industrial level for pharmaceutical, diagnostic, chemical and agro-food applications. In this way it is possible to obtain modified peptides with superior properties for therapeutic applications. The great advantage of using modified peptides instead of classical peptidomimetics is a very high bioavailability, a long lasting activity in vivo, and limited toxicity. Beside this, the costs for setting-up the synthetic strategy are quite low, when compared to those of setting-up stereo-specific synthetic routs. Examples include various forms of peptides such as galanin, peptide YY, neuropeptide Y, secretin, cholecystokinin, insulin-like peptides, LEAP-2, and a number of others .

The term biocatalyst can refer to enzymes in various forms which are pure enzymes crude enzymes, immobilised enzymes, whole cell, immobilised whole cell, catalytic antibodies, designer enzymes and recently cross-linked enzyme crystals. The employment of enzymes and whole cells have been important for many industries especially for centuries in the food & drink businesses where the production of wine, beer & cheese is dependent on the effects of the microorganisms. Biocatalysis has wide applications to produce fine chemicals, especially for the pharmaceutical industry. The biggest advance in biotransformation operation has to be recombinant DNA technology. Not only is it possible to over express particular genes but it is also possible to express them in another organism, or to create unique catalysts. For example, a plasmid containing genes over expressing trehalase has been inserted into Escherichia coli. The enzyme accumulated in the periplasm of the Escherichia coli and this made it easy to extract it by osmotic shock . It is now anticipated that within a few years more than half the world's enzymes will be produced commercially using recombinant DNA technology.

The term lipid comprises a diverse range of molecules and to some extent is a catchall for relatively water-insoluble or nonpolar compounds of biological origin, including waxes, fatty acids, fatty-acid derived phospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids and terpenoids (eg. retinoids and steroids). Most lipids have some polar character in addition to being largely nonpolar. Generally, the bulk of their structure is nonpolar or hydrophobic ('water-fearing'), meaning that it does not interact well with polar solvents like water. Another part of their structure is polar or hydrophilic ('water-loving') and will tend to associate with polar solvents like water. This makes them amphiphilic molecules (having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions).For microbiology and food research sphingosines, ceramides, gangliosides, phosphatidyl inositol phosphates were used.

Microparticles are particles between 0.1 and 100 ?m in size. Commercially available microparticles include those made of glass, latex, polystyrene, various metals (carbon, silver, copper, etc.), and various magnetic materials. Microparticles have been found to have widespread applications in medicine, biochemistry, colloid chemistry, and aerosol research. Uses include chromatographic separation media, supports for immobilized enzymes, and spacers in liquid crystal displays Monodisperse melamine resin particles are a new class of polymer particles with excellent physical and chemical properties. Polystyrene nano- and microspheres particles are typically used for calibration purposes and immunoassays (latex agglutination test, FACS). Many of the tests are based on non-covalent binding of specific antibodies, antigens or cells to the hydrophobic particle surface. Covalent attachment of proteins to surface modified particles is possible .

Monoglycerides are amphiphatic neutral lipid molecules in which a hydrophobic fatty acid is attached via an ester bond. Despite their relatively simple chemical structure, monoglycerides can form various phases found in membrane phospholipid/water systems, namely the coagel or lamellar crystalline (Lc) phase, the lamellar gel (L) phase, the lamellar liquid-crystalline (L) phase, bicontinuous cubic phases of different symmetry, the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase, and the inverted micellar (L2) phase. The lipid organization in monoglyceride-water systems is strongly dependent on the chemical structure of the monoglyceride and on environmental conditions such as temperature, water, and salt content.The ability of monoglyceride/water systems to form different structures offers many interesting opportunities for studies on membrane structure and function, as well as for industrial applications. Being a natural emulsifier, monoglycerides are widely used in the food industry.. During fat digestion the enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides leads to accumulation of a large amount of monoglycerides, which may result in formation of a bicontinuous cubic phase. .

The simplest type of carbohydrate is a monosaccharide, which among other properties contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, mostly in a ratio of 1:2:1 . Glucose, one of the most important carbohydrates, is an example of a monosaccharide. So is fructose, the sugar that gives fruits their sweet taste. . Monosaccharides can be grouped into aldoses (having an aldehyde group at the end of the chain, e. g. glucose) and ketoses (having a keto group in their chain; e. g. fructose). Both aldoses and ketoses occur in an equilibrium between the open-chain forms and (starting with chain lengths of C4) cyclic forms. These are generated by bond formation between one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar chain with the carbon of the aldehyde or keto group to form a hemiacetal bond. This leads to saturated five-membered (in furanoses) or six-membered (in pyranoses) heterocyclic rings containing one O as heteroatom

The mucopolysaccharides are a group of inherited lysosomal storage disorders of connective tissue each with distinctive phenotypes and a progressive course due to severe deficiency of an enzyme which usually catalyzes a step in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. In general, excessive quantities of glycosaminoglycans are excreted in urine which can be analyzed. Specific enzyme analyses must be run for a definitive diagnosis. Mucopolysaccharides analysis is usually performed on urine

A neurochemical is an organic molecule that participates in neural activity. This term is often used to refer to neurotransmitters and other molecules such as neuro-active drugs that influence neuron function Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin were examples of neurochemicals. o GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. o Dopamine is another example of a neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the functioning of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional function and control. o Serotonin plays a regulatory role in mood, sleep, and other areas. o Acetylcholine assists motor function.

Neurotransmitters - biochemicals that send nerve impulses from one region of the brain to another - cause a person to feel a given emotionThe brain is a chemical factory that constantly produces neurotransmitters throughout our lives. The raw materials are amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. In a healthy body, neurotransmitter levels are constantly monitored and kept in check. However, the balance of these biochemicals is subject to many forms of disruption. Because neurotransmitters are comprised of several amino acid building blocks that are supplied through proper nutrition, poor diet-or poor digestion-can rapidly deplete some neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the level of others. In addition, medications as well as illicit drugs may decrease stores, often, resulting in severely elevated neurotransmitter levels which are often evident in urine. . The hormones produced Chemical neurotransmitters relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. autonomic functions

A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.The most common solvent in everyday life is water. Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents. Biochemicals can be effective replacements for petrochemicals, but their use tends to be more knowledge intensive than the use of petrochemical solvents. Manufacturers must learn how to apply a biochemical cleaning solvent in each individual cleaning situation. Implementation of alternative cleaning methods requires that workers be trained in new cleaning techniques and educated in the handling of unfamiliar solvents

Steroids are lipophilic, low-molecular weight compounds derived from cholesterol that play a number of important physiological roles. The steroid hormones are synthesized mainly by endocrine glands such as the gonads (testis and ovary), the adrenals and (during gestation) by the fetoplacental unit, and are then released into the blood circulation. They act both on peripheral target tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). An important function of the steroid hormones is to coordinate physiological and behavioural responses for specific biological purposes, e.g. reproduction.. Because of their lipophilic properties, free steroid molecules are only sparingly soluble in water. In biological fluids, they are usually found either in a conjugated form, i.e. linked to a hydrophilic moiety (e.g. as sulfate or glucuronide derivatives) or bound to proteins (non-covalent, reversible binding).

The term 'toxin' means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms (including, but not limited to bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin and method of production, and includes(A) any poisonous substance or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology produced by a living organism; or(B) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of such a substance.