Magnetic particles are currently used for bioseparation, which is accomplished when the magnetic particles are introduced into a mixture, to bind target cells (or molecules), and then individually pull their targets toward the source of a magnetic field when that field is activated. Thus, a concentration/ purification of target materials occurs near the magnetic field source. When their job is done, the magnetic particles can be easily induced to release their targets. Magnetic particles are used for the detection of pathogens in complex environments, i.e. in complex samples, such as blood or the environmental samples, utilizing the mobility of pathogen-magnetic microparticle complexes to simultaneously and rapidly detect multiple pathogens. The significant advantage of this 'magnetophoresis' technique is that it can be used to simultaneously separate and identify pathogens with a sensitivity one thousand to one million times higher than the solid phase immunoassays commonly used today.

Lipids and derivatives (lipoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipids) are of crucial importance for cell structure and function. Biological membranes provide a selective barrier controlling the passage of all kinds of molecules, both between cells and extracellular space and between different compartments within the cells. Membranes are the turntables for crucial processes in neurobiology, muscle contraction, and cell signaling. Lipophilic fluorescent dyes are also suitable for preparation of optical sensors, polymer sciences, and other research areas. Lipophilic fluorescent probes are useful tools for: investigation of lipid metabolism, imaging cell structures, analysis of biophysical processes, and investigation of cell signaling processes. Sigma offers a wide range of lipophilic probes, including: fluorophore labeled phospholipids, labeled lipopolysaccharides and steroids, membrane permanent reactive tracers, environmental sensitive membrane probes, and many other lipophilic probes

Individual cells function as a collection of interacting biochemical molecules and molecular machines. Consider single-cell microbes, the simplest self sufficient living organisms. At a macroscopic level they are a small bag of biochemical cytoplasm with little internal structure. Yet microbes create and use the fundamental molecular machinery common to all life (protein synthesis via DNA transcription and ribosomal mRNA translation,regulation of gene expression, membrane control of small molecule transport, signal propagation)to sense the state of their environment and respond appropriately (grow, move, reproduce).Eukaryotic cells execute enhanced versions of these regulatory, metabolic, and signaling networks within structures of rich spatial complexity (organelles, membranes, filaments, etc).Such a picture poses a wide range of challenges for computational cell modeling in which various groups are addressing in different ways. Typically, one key input to all such models is a set of reaction rate equations which specify the biochemistry to be modeled. Each equation has one or more reactants which are converted at a certain rate into one or more products.Complex networks may contain 100s or 1000s of such coupled equations.

Water Treatment Microbiocide is a synergistic blend of glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium salt which is specially formulated to provide a surface-active product that can clean and penetrate microbiologically-fouled surfaces. It is effective in controlling slime-forming and sulfate-reducing bacteria and algae. The ease of handling and high potency of Water Treatment Microbiocide facilitate its use in recirculating cooling towers, air washer systems, recirculating process water and closed loop cooling systems. It kills microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi and used in disinfectant or antibacterial products.

Microcarriers are small solid or in some cases immiscible liquid spheres, on which cells may be grown in suspension culture. They provide a means of obtaining large yields of cells in small volumes. The cells must exhibit anchorage dependence of growth and the dimensions of the carrier bead may be important in controlling growth rate. Microcarriers are support matrices allowing for the growth of adherent cells in bioreactors. Carrier materials for cells may be composed by gelatin, porous glass, collagen or cellulose, with dimensions of 170 - 6000 µm. Well known brands include Cytodex™, (Pharmacia) or Cultispher™ (Hyclone).

A microorganism (also can be spelled as micro organism) or microbe is an organism that is microscopic (too small to be seen by the naked human eye).Bacteria are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth. Bacteria inhabit practically all environments where some liquid water is available and the temperature is below +140 °C. They are found in sea water, soil, air, animals' gastrointestinal tracts, hot springs and even deep beneath the Earth's crust in rocks. Practically all surfaces which have not been specially sterilized are covered in bacteria. The number of bacteria in the world is estimated to be around five million trillion trillion, or 5 x 1030.Bacteria are practically all invisible to the naked eye, with a few extremely rare exceptions.

Through modification, the natural cyclodextrins are effective templates for the generation of a wide range of molecular hosts. This makes it possible to tailor a cyclodextrin host to a particular guest, to meet specific requirements in the host-guest complex, and opens the way to diverse new areas of supramolecular chemistry. Metallocyclodextrins, rotaxanes and catenanes, as well as surface monolayers of modified cyclodextrins, are readily obtained. The native cyclodextrins serve as scaffolds on which functional groups and other substituents can be assembled, with controlled geometry. This results in substantially improved molecular recognition and procedures for chemical separation, including enantiomer discrimination, through guest binding. Access to the gamut of functional groups greatly expands the utility of cyclodextrins in chemical synthesis and provides catalysts which mimic the entire range of enzymic activity. Modifications to the cyclodextrins also lead to a wide range of photochemistry of cyclodextrin complexes, through which the enhancement of guest reactivity occurs; in addition, light harvesting molecular devices and photochemical frequency switches may be constructed. In solution, modified cyclodextrins have been used to construct molecular reactors, as well as molecular, temperature and pH sensors. At surfaces, they form semipermeable membranes and sensor electrodes. Such exciting fields of chemistry, made possible only through modifications to the natural cyclodextrins.

The adjuvants includes a class of synthetic peptide molecules that are distinguished by their ability to both target and stimulate specific immune system cells that are crucial in eliciting effective responses against certain diseases. For example, by linking viral or tumor associated antigens (components or subunits) of the target disease agent to a molecular adjuvant that binds to complement receptors, it is possible to deliver the antigen directly to dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells that are instrumental in eliciting therapeutic responses.